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Derivative of a quotient involving cot(x)

Let h(x)=cot⁡(x)1+x.h(x) = \dfrac{\cot(x)}{1+x}. Find h′(π4)h'\left(\dfrac{\pi}{4}\right).

Hint

Use the quotient rule with f(x)=cot⁡(x)f(x) = \cot(x) and g(x)=1+xg(x) = 1+x. Remember that ddx[cot⁡x]=−csc⁡2x\frac{d}{dx}[\cot x] = -\csc^2 x, and evaluate cot⁡(π/4)\cot(\pi/4) and csc⁡(π/4)\csc(\pi/4) using known trig values before combining terms.

Step-by-step solution

Apply the quotient rule: h′(x)=(1+x)⋅ddx[cot⁡x]−cot⁡(x)⋅ddx[1+x](1+x)2.h'(x) = \frac{(1+x)\cdot\frac{d}{dx}[\cot x] - \cot(x)\cdot\frac{d}{dx}[1+x]}{(1+x)^2}. Since ddx[cot⁡x]=−csc⁡2x\frac{d}{dx}[\cot x] = -\csc^2 x and ddx[1+x]=1\frac{d}{dx}[1+x] = 1, this becomes h′(x)=−(1+x)csc⁡2(x)−cot⁡(x)(1+x)2.h'(x) = \frac{-(1+x)\csc^2(x) - \cot(x)}{(1+x)^2}.

Now substitute x=π/4x = \pi/4. Recall cot⁡(π/4)=1\cot(\pi/4) = 1 and csc⁡(π/4)=2\csc(\pi/4) = \sqrt{2}, so csc⁡2(π/4)=2\csc^2(\pi/4) = 2. Plugging in: h′(π/4)=−(1+π/4)⋅2−1(1+π/4)2.h'(\pi/4) = \frac{-(1+\pi/4)\cdot 2 - 1}{(1+\pi/4)^2}. Distributing the −2-2 gives −2−π/2−1=−3−π/2-2 - \pi/2 - 1 = -3 - \pi/2, so h′(π/4)=−3−π/2(1+π/4)2≈−1.47.h'(\pi/4) = \frac{-3-\pi/2}{(1+\pi/4)^2} \approx -1.47.

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