← Back to learning objective

Evaluating a piecewise integral via area formulas

Consider the piecewise function f(x)={−x−1−3≤x<−11−x2−1≤x≤1x−11<x≤3f(x)=\begin{cases}-x-1 & -3\le x<-1\\ \sqrt{1-x^2} & -1\le x\le 1\\ x-1 & 1<x\le 3\end{cases}

The graph of f(x)f(x) on [−3,3][-3,3] consists of two line segments and a semicircle, as shown below.

Evaluating a piecewise integral via area formulas graph

Using the fact that each piece forms a triangle or a semicircle with the x-axis, evaluate ∫−33f(x) dx.\int_{-3}^{3} f(x)\, dx.

Hint

Break the integral into three pieces using additivity over adjacent intervals: [−3,−1][-3,-1], [−1,1][-1,1], and [1,3][1,3]. Identify the shape formed by each piece (right triangle, semicircle, right triangle) and compute its area, paying attention to whether the region lies above or below the x-axis.

Step-by-step solution

On [−3,−1][-3,-1], the line y=−x−1y=-x-1 forms a right triangle above the x-axis with vertices at (−3,2)(-3,2), (−1,0)(-1,0), and (−3,0)(-3,0); its base is 22 and height is 22, so the area is 12(2)(2)=2\frac{1}{2}(2)(2)=2. On [1,3][1,3], the line y=x−1y=x-1 forms a right triangle above the x-axis with vertices at (1,0)(1,0), (3,2)(3,2), and (3,0)(3,0); its base is 22 and height is 22, giving area 12(2)(2)=2\frac{1}{2}(2)(2)=2. Both triangles lie entirely above the x-axis, so both contribute positive area to the integral.

On [−1,1][-1,1], y=1−x2y=\sqrt{1-x^2} traces the upper half of the unit circle, so this piece is a semicircle of radius 11 above the x-axis, with area 12π(1)2=π2\frac{1}{2}\pi(1)^2=\frac{\pi}{2}. Using additivity over adjacent intervals, ∫−33f(x) dx=2+π2+2=4+π2.\int_{-3}^{3} f(x)\,dx = 2 + \frac{\pi}{2} + 2 = 4+\frac{\pi}{2}.

Identifying the shape of the middle piece

Hint
Step-by-step solution

The middle piece is a semicircle. On the interval from negative one to one, the function equals the square root of one minus x squared, which traces the upper half of a unit circle sitting above the horizontal axis.

Related problems

Practice similar Calculus problems interactively.

Start Closing the Gap