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Evaluating a 0/0 limit using repeated L'Hopital's Rule

Evaluate the limit lim⁡x→0cos⁡(x)−1+x22x4.\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\cos(x) - 1 + \dfrac{x^2}{2}}{x^4}. Show that the limit is of an indeterminate form before applying L'Hopital's Rule, apply the rule as many times as needed, and state the final value of the limit.

Hint

Check that direct substitution gives 0/00/0, then differentiate the numerator and denominator separately (not with the quotient rule). You will likely need to apply L'Hopital's Rule more than once — re-check the indeterminate form each time before applying it again.

Step-by-step solution

First confirm the form: as x→0x \to 0, the numerator cos⁡(x)−1+x2/2→1−1+0=0\cos(x) - 1 + x^2/2 \to 1 - 1 + 0 = 0 and the denominator x4→0x^4 \to 0, so this is the indeterminate form 0/00/0. Differentiating numerator and denominator separately gives −sin⁡(x)+x4x3\frac{-\sin(x) + x}{4x^3}. Substituting x=0x=0 again gives 0/00/0, so L'Hopital's Rule applies again.

Differentiate again to get −cos⁡(x)+112x2\frac{-\cos(x) + 1}{12x^2}, which is still 0/00/0 at x=0x=0, so apply L'Hopital's Rule a third time. This yields sin⁡(x)24x\frac{\sin(x)}{24x}, which is again 0/00/0; applying the rule once more gives cos⁡(x)24\frac{\cos(x)}{24}. Now substituting x=0x=0 gives 124\frac{1}{24}, which is not indeterminate, so this is the value of the original limit.

Evaluating a 0/0 limit using repeated L'Hopital's Rule — solution graph

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