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Second derivative of a parametric curve

A curve is defined parametrically by x=t2x = t^2 and y=t3y = t^3.

Given the parametric equations x=t2x = t^2 and y=t3y = t^3, find d2ydx2\dfrac{d^2y}{dx^2} as a function of tt.

Hint

First find dydt\frac{dy}{dt} and dxdt\frac{dx}{dt} to get dydx\frac{dy}{dx}. Then, to get the second derivative, differentiate dydx\frac{dy}{dx} with respect to tt and divide by dxdt\frac{dx}{dt} again — remember d2ydx2=ddt(dydx)dxdt\frac{d^2y}{dx^2} = \dfrac{\frac{d}{dt}\left(\frac{dy}{dx}\right)}{\frac{dx}{dt}}. Note that dxdt=0\frac{dx}{dt} = 0 at t=0t = 0, which corresponds to a cusp on the curve.

Step-by-step solution

First compute the derivatives with respect to tt: dxdt=2t\frac{dx}{dt} = 2t and dydt=3t2\frac{dy}{dt} = 3t^2. For t≠0t \neq 0, we have dydx=dy/dtdx/dt=3t22t=3t2\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{dy/dt}{dx/dt} = \frac{3t^2}{2t} = \frac{3t}{2}. Note that at t=0t = 0, we have dxdt=0\frac{dx}{dt} = 0, so the derivative is undefined there; the curve has a cusp at this point.

Now differentiate dydx=3t2\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{3t}{2} with respect to tt, giving ddt(dydx)=32\frac{d}{dt}\left(\frac{dy}{dx}\right) = \frac{3}{2}. For t≠0t \neq 0, dividing by dxdt=2t\frac{dx}{dt} = 2t gives d2ydx2=3/22t=34t\frac{d^2y}{dx^2} = \frac{3/2}{2t} = \frac{3}{4t}. This formula is valid for all t≠0t \neq 0, and is undefined at t=0t = 0 due to the cusp in the parametric curve.

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