Second derivative of a parametric curve
A curve is defined parametrically by and .
Given the parametric equations and , find as a function of .
Hint
First find and to get . Then, to get the second derivative, differentiate with respect to and divide by again — remember . Note that at , which corresponds to a cusp on the curve.
Step-by-step solution
First compute the derivatives with respect to : and . For , we have . Note that at , we have , so the derivative is undefined there; the curve has a cusp at this point.
Now differentiate with respect to , giving . For , dividing by gives . This formula is valid for all , and is undefined at due to the cusp in the parametric curve.
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