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Applying the Mean Value Theorem

Consider the function f(x)=x4−2x2f(x) = x^4 - 2x^2 on the closed interval [−2,2][-2, 2].

Verify that ff satisfies the hypotheses of the Mean Value Theorem on [−2,2][-2,2], and then find all values of cc in (−2,2)(-2,2) that the Mean Value Theorem guarantees exist.

Hint

First compute f(−2)f(-2), f(2)f(2), and f′(x)f'(x). Then set f′(c)f'(c) equal to the slope of the secant line f(2)−f(−2)2−(−2)\dfrac{f(2)-f(-2)}{2-(-2)} and solve for cc, keeping only solutions inside (−2,2)(-2,2).

Step-by-step solution

Since f(x)=x4−2x2f(x) = x^4 - 2x^2 is a polynomial, it is continuous on [−2,2][-2,2] and differentiable on (−2,2)(-2,2), so the Mean Value Theorem applies. Compute f(−2)=16−8=8f(-2) = 16 - 8 = 8 and f(2)=16−8=8f(2) = 16 - 8 = 8, so the average rate of change is f(2)−f(−2)2−(−2)=8−84=0\frac{f(2)-f(-2)}{2-(-2)} = \frac{8-8}{4} = 0.

The derivative is f′(x)=4x3−4xf'(x) = 4x^3 - 4x. Setting f′(c)=0f'(c) = 0 gives 4c3−4c=04c^3 - 4c = 0, i.e. 4c(c2−1)=04c(c^2-1)=0, so c=0,1,−1c = 0, 1, -1. All three values lie in the open interval (−2,2)(-2,2), so all three satisfy the conclusion of the MVT.

Geometric meaning of the MVT values

Hint
Step-by-step solution

The tangent lines at c equals negative one, zero, and one must be horizontal. This is because the secant line connecting the endpoints has slope zero, since f of negative two equals f of two. The Mean Value Theorem guarantees a tangent parallel to the secant, so each guaranteed tangent line has the same slope as the secant, namely zero, making it horizontal.

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