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Evaluate a limit requiring two applications of L'Hopital's Rule

Evaluate the limit lim⁡x→0ex−1−xx2\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{e^x - 1 - x}{x^2} using L'Hopital's Rule. Before each application, verify that the limit is in an indeterminate form.

Hint

Check that direct substitution gives 0/00/0, then differentiate the numerator and denominator separately (not using the quotient rule). You may need to apply L'Hopital's Rule more than once — check the form again after the first application before deciding whether to apply it again.

Step-by-step solution

Substituting x=0x=0 gives e0−1−002=00\frac{e^0 - 1 - 0}{0^2} = \frac{0}{0}, an indeterminate form, so L'Hopital's Rule applies. Differentiating numerator and denominator separately gives ddx(ex−1−x)=ex−1\frac{d}{dx}(e^x - 1 - x) = e^x - 1 and ddx(x2)=2x\frac{d}{dx}(x^2) = 2x, so the limit becomes lim⁡x→0ex−12x\lim_{x\to 0} \frac{e^x - 1}{2x}.

Checking this new limit at x=0x=0 gives e0−10=00\frac{e^0-1}{0} = \frac{0}{0}, still indeterminate, so L'Hopital's Rule can be applied again. Differentiating again gives ddx(ex−1)=ex\frac{d}{dx}(e^x-1) = e^x and ddx(2x)=2\frac{d}{dx}(2x) = 2, so the limit becomes lim⁡x→0ex2\lim_{x\to 0} \frac{e^x}{2}. Substituting x=0x=0 now gives e02=12\frac{e^0}{2} = \frac{1}{2}, which is the value of the original limit.

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